Stubborn Patterns Still Persist Among African American, Hispanic, Asian, Native American Women
A new U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) study, "Women of Color: Their Employment in the Private Sector," reveals that women of color now comprise 14.5 percent of America's private sector workforce, a major increase from a decade earlier. The employment of each group of women examined - African American, Hispanic, Asian and Native American - grew during this period. Similarly, more women from all four groups obtained employment as officials and managers, though numbers vary widely by industry.
"Women of color have made noteworthy gains, both in terms of workplace numbers and status," said Commission Chair Cari M. Dominguez. "Still, we see some stubborn patterns needing our attention. Too many women of color are concentrated in certain industries and appear to have plateaued in lower occupational categories. We are also mindful that women of color tend to file more charges of discrimination against a handful of industries."
Of all women of color, African Americans continue to represent the highest rate of employment (7.6 percent of the total work force). However, during the past decade, they have made the smallest gains with regard to total employment and higher level positions - far below the growth rates of Hispanic and Asian women. Meanwhile, African American women exceed their work force representation as sales workers, clericals and service workers. The Nursing and Residential Care Facilities industry employs the largest percentage of African American women, as well as the largest percentage of women overall.
The most dramatic improvement in overall employment was among Hispanic women (now 4.7 percent of the total work force), whose rate of growth exceeded 100 percent over the 10-year period. Additionally, the number of female Hispanic officials and managers improved at an even higher rate, more than doubling over the decade. At the same time, Hispanic women exceed their total representation as sales workers, clericals, service workers and laborers. Although the crop production industry employs the largest percentage of all Hispanics in the private sector and is male-dominated, it also employs the largest percentage of Hispanic women.
Asian women (2.1 percent of the total work force) reflect the most progress in attaining higher-level positions during the period studied. The number of female Asian officials and managers more than doubled, with a rate of change of 135 percent. Asian women exceed their total representation in three different areas along the employment spectrum: as professionals, technicians and clericals. The largest numbers of Asian women are employed in the Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing industry, as well as in some retail industries.
The employment of Native American women increased only slightly in 10 years, from 0.2 to 0.3 percent of the total work force. Even so, the number of officials and managers within this group nearly doubled within the same period. Native American women exceed their total representation as sales workers, clericals and service workers. They are most frequently employed in the industries of Gasoline Stations and Apparel Manufacturing.
Data used in this study were drawn from two sources: the EEO-1 report, which is overseen by the EEOC and required annually of private sector employers with 100 or more employees and federal contractors with at least 50 employees and contracts of $50,000 or more, and the EEOC's database for tracking charge processing activities. The full report is available on the agency's web site at www.eeoc.gov at the following link http://www.eeoc.gov/womenofcolor.html.
The EEOC enforces Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion or national origin; the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, which protects workers age 40 and older from discrimination based on age; the Equal Pay Act of 1963; the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits employment discrimination against people with disabilities in the federal sector; Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibits employment discrimination against people with disabilities in the private sector and in state and local governments; and sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1991.
Many people struggle with repairing faucets but I want to show you that it is not that difficult. There are several things that you need to know about your faucets to make them easy to identify. These keys will make life much simpler on you if you have to go to a plumbing supply house to get whatever repair parts you need. These keys will remain the same whether you have a kitchen faucet, bath faucet, or tub and shower faucet.
#1 What Brand Faucet Do You Have?
The first thing that you need to know is what brand your faucet is. This does not always happen though. You may have moved into your house and do not know what brand faucets that you have or you may have just forgotten what brands you have. We can still figure out what you have from knowing the following.
#2 How Many Handles Do You Have?
The second thing that you need to know is how many handles does your faucets. Your kitchen and bath faucets will have either a single handle or two handles. Your tub or shower faucets can be single handle, two handles, or three handles.
Graphic of different handled faucets
#3 Do You Have A Cartridge or Stem?
The third thing that you will need to know is whether your faucet has a cartridge or a stem. Typically if you have a single handle faucet, you will have a cartridge which is the picture on the left. If you have a two or three handle faucet, then you have a stem which is the picture on the right.
When you have a cartridge or stem go bad, the faucet will begin to drip out of either the aerator in the spout, the shower head or the tub filler in the tub.
Cartridges typically must be completely replaced because there is nothing that can be replaced on or inside of it. Delta Faucet , Moen, and Kohler are some of the major brands that use cartridges in their tub and shower valves. Moen uses their cartridges in all of their single handle faucets.
On stems, brass and some plastic, typically have a washer on the back of them head on by a screw that needs to be replaced when the faucet begins to drip. Some faucets have a brass seat underneath of the stem that is removable. When this seat has been roughed up, it can rip up the washer on the stem and cause a leak. This seat needs to be replaced as well.
Plastic stems most commonly do not have a washer on them. Usually they have a seat and spring underneath it that uses pressure to turn it on and off when the stem is rotated. Delta Faucet's stem with seat and spring are the main example of this style. There are several company's like Gerber, Price Pfister, and Glacier Bay that also use this technology in many of their faucets as well.
Graphic of Delta Stem with Seat and Spring!!!!
Your stem could also be a ceramic stem. This can be brass or plastic on the outside and white ceramics on the inside. A ceramic stem will not have a washer on it with a screw. Instead there will be a thin rubber washer with a hole in it where you can see the white ceramic pieces inside of it. The rubber washer is solely a buffer so that the ceramics are not scratched when the stem is installed.
Ceramic stems are not a new technology even though they seem to have become more popular now. These stems are in a lot of faucets now but there are some drawbacks to them. The ceramic discs in these stems can scratch very easily when they come into contact with sand, dirt, or grit in the water lines. They can also be scratched very easily if they are touched by your hands so that is part of the reason that you can not by the ceramic disks to repair the stems separately. The third drawback of a ceramic stem is the price. They can run anywhere from $10 up to $60. This can be jaw dropping to homeowners that purchase the faucets for close to $30 to $40.
#4 Is Your Cartridge/Stem Broached or Square?
The fourth thing that is good to know about your faucet is to know whether the stem is squared or broached at the top (where the stem enters the handle). Even if the stem is broached, you will need to know more because there are several different sizes of broaching. Counting the "teeth" will give you another key piece of information.
Graphic of different broached stems
#5 There Is Nothing Universal About Plumbing!
The fifth and final key that you should know is that plumbing, not just faucets, are like cars. You can not put a GM motor into a Ford engine. It just will not work correctly. There is nothing universal about plumbing. You can not just run to Lowe's or Home Depot and just pick up any stem or plumbing repair part to fix your faucet. It may take some searching and you may even need to call your local plumbing supply store. These local specialized plumbing stores carry much more of a variety and more in depth stock of stems and repair parts that some stores do not have on their shelves.
What factors should you consider when hiring a maid (or two)? Here are a few to consider.
1. Is the maid service reliable? In other words, is it professionally operated? Does it employ underage teens, or are the employees bonafide legal adults with citizenship or proper visas? Has the company completed background checks on its employees? While it is up to the maid service company to ensure the legality of its employees, you may want to ask just to be sure. Contact the Better Business Bureau and ask if complaints have been filed against the company, and if so, how were they resolved.
2. Are employees insured and licensed? Are the maids well-trained in housekeeping skills? There have been horror stories in the news of maids who mixed the wrong cleaning chemicals and inadvertently harmed the client. Find out if the maids have experience and solid references, and don’t hesitate to request copies of relevant documents.
3. What exactly will the maids do? Be specific in describing the work you want done. “Cleaning the bathroom” can mean anything from washing walls and windows to scrubbing the sink, tub, and toilet. List the tasks to be addressed so the maids know what to do.
4. How will you be billed? Some services bill by the hour or part of day – usually a half-day or whole day. Others bill by scope of work, i.e., cleaning three bedrooms and one bathroom. Find out how much you will be charged. Get a written estimate before having the work done. Inquire if you need to pay extra for cleaning supplies or equipment, such as a rug shampooer, and if there are any fringe costs not readily apparent.
5. Do you need for the maids to have any special skills? Being effective communicators, getting along with kids or pets, and being able to return several days or weeks until a job is finished may be concerns you will want to ask about. It is also a good idea to discuss limitations – what maids cannot do, such as wash the windows or perhaps the car, or clean out the basement, etc.
Maid service has become more of a necessity than a luxury for many individuals and families nowadays. Knowing how to find the right service with the housecleaning skills you need can help to alleviate your stress over a dirty house and prospective strangers working in your home. The above can help you start the process.
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